Uloga i značaj prstne azbuke kod gluvih i nagluvih

Abstract

Uvod: Razvoj jezika, proces usvajanja govora i artikulacije glasova kod gluvih i nagluvih, praćen je intenzivnom upotrebom prstne azbuke. U Srbiji postoje i paralelno se koriste jednoručna i dvoručna prstna azbuka, kao i ćirilična i latinična. One su drugačije i različite za svaki jezik. To znači da u svakom jeziku ima onoliko daktilema (daktilnih slova - znakova) koliko ima grafema (slova) u pismu tog jezika. Daktilologija je jednoručna prstna azbuka, dok se dvoručna naziva hirologija. Hirologiju znatno više koriste mala deca u procesu početnog savladavanja čitanja i pisana, dok odrasli gluvi više koriste daktilologiju. Daktilologija se znatno brže pokazuje, jedna ruka ostaje slobodna, što olakšava njenu primenu. Cilj: Cilj rada je da se utvrdi uloga i značaj primene daktilologije i hirologije kod gluvih i nagluvih. Metode: Primenjene su metode analize i evaluacije relevantne dostupne literature. Rezultati: Pregledom literature, uočava se značajna uloga i aktivna primena i daktilologije i hirologije. Naročito se izdvaja primena prstne azbuke u savladavanju procesa artikulacije, učenju početnog pisanja i čitanja, savladavanju novih reči i bogaćenju rečnika. Prstnom azbukom se iskazuju svi oni pojmovi (naročito opšti i apstraktni, ali i stručna terminologija mnogih nauka) koji ne postoje u znakovnom jeziku, koji je prvi, primarni jezik gluvih osoba. Brojna istraživanja ukazuju na značaj primene prstne azbuke tokom čitanja govora sa usana. Svi glasovi nisu jednako vidljivi na usnama, pa se pokazivanjem daktilnog znaka olakšava ovaj proces. Zaključak: Značaj upotrebe prstne azbuke, naročito na ranom uzrastu gluve i nagluve dece, je veliki. Početna komunikacija, otežana usled nerazvijenog govora se olakšava. Na starijim uzrastima, kao i kod odraslih gluvih i nagluvih, primena prstne azbuke takođe zauzima bitno mesto. Uporedo sa korišćenjem znakovnog jezika, prstna azbuka pomaže boljoj i uspešnijoj komunikaciji i smanjuje nesporazume, nastale usled specifičnosti svakog pojedinačnog znakovnog jezika.

Introduction: The development of language, speech learning, and sound articulation process with the deaf and the hard of hearing is accompanied by the intensive use of the fingerspelling alphabet. In Serbia, there are one-handed and two-handed fingerspelling alphabets, as well as Cyrillic and Latin ones, which are used in parallel. They are different and various for each language. That means that each language has as many dactylemes (dactylic letters – signs) as there are graphemes (letters) in the alphabet of that language. Dactylology is the one-hand fingerspelling alphabet, whereas the two-handed fingerspelling alphabet is called chirology. Chirology is used considerably more by small children in the process of initial learning of reading and writing, while deaf adults rather use dactylology. Dactylology is presented much faster, as one hand remains free, which facilities its use. Aim: The study aims to establish the role and significance of the application of dactylology and chirology with the deaf and the hard of hearing. Methods: The methods of analysis and evaluation of the available relevant literature were applied. Results: The review of literature shows the significant role and the active application of both dactylology and chirology. What is distinguished in particular is the application of the fingerspelling alphabet in learning the articulation process, learning initial writing and reading, learning new words, and in the enrichment of vocabulary. The fingerspelling alphabet is used to express all those terms (especially the general and abstract ones, but the professional terminology of many sciences as well) which do not exist in sign language, which is the first and the primary language of deaf persons. Numerous research studies point to the significance of the application of the fingerspelling alphabet in lipreading. Not all sounds are equally visible on the lips, and thus the presentation of a dactylic sign facilitates this process. Conclusion: The significance of the use of the fingerspelling alphabet, especially at an early age of deaf and hard-of-hearing children, is huge. The initial communication, aggravated as the result of undeveloped speech, is made easier. At older ages, as well as with deaf and hard-of- hearing adults, the use of the fingerspelling alphabet is also important. The fingerspelling alphabet, in parallel with the use of sign language, contributes to better and more effective communication and reduces misunderstandings occurring as a result of the specific features of each individual sign language.