Prevencija situacije hendikepa starih osoba kroz podršku aktivnom starenju

Abstract

Uvod: Stanovništvo Republike Srbije je među najstarijom populacijom na svetu. Starenje otežava ostvarivanje životnih navika i dovodi osobu u „situaciju hendikepa”, koju po Kvebeškom modelu definišemo merenjem nivoa ostvarivanja životnih navika, vrstu potrebne pomoći i nivoa zadovoljstva. Procena uticaja životnih navika i interesovanja na kvalitet života starih značajan je deo rehabilitacijonog postupaka i podrške aktivnom strenju.Cilj: Cilj rada je bio utvrđivanje činilaca nastajanja situacije hendikepa kod starih osoba i izrada individualnog programa prevencije kao podrške aktivnom starenju.Metode: Uzorak je formiran od 100 ispitanika, starosti od 65-95 godina, podeljenih u dve grupe. Prvu grupu je činilo 50 starih osoba koje žive u porodičnom okruženju i koje su obuhvaćene vaninstitucionalnim oblikom zbrinjavanja. Drugu grupu je činilo 50 starih osoba, smeštenih u Gerontološkom centru, koje su obuhvaćene institucionalnim oblikom zbrinjavanja. Primenjen je standardizovan upitnik „Assessment of life habits - Life-H“ (Fougeurollas et al. 1998), za merenje nivo ostvarivanja, vrste potrebne pomoći i nivoa zadovoljstva 12 kategorija životnih navika i Upitnik za procenu stanja i interesovanja starih osoba konstruisan za potrebe ovog istraživanja.Rezultati: Rezultati našeg rada pokazuju da biološki proces starenja utiče na poteškoće u ostvarivanju životnih navika što dovodi do situacije hendikepa. Otežavajući činioci u ostvarivanju svakodnevnih životnih navika stare osobe su broj bolesti, nivo obrazovanja, materijalno stanje i mesto stanovanja. Upoređujući rezultate možemo zaključiti da postoje razlike u pogledu zadovoljstava starih u odnosu na mesto gde žive. Ispitanici u porodičnom okruženju imaju statističkiznačajno viši nivo zadovoljstva u ostvarivanju svih životnih navika osim u ostvarivanju odgovornosti, i zabave-rekreacije u odnosu na ispitanike koji žive u Gerontološkom centru. Stare osobe u Gerontološkom centru imaju statistički značajno više interesovanje za doživotno obrazovanje u odnosu na ispitanike koji žive u porodičnom okruženju, dok ispitanici u porodičnom okruženju imaju statistički značajno više interesovanje za sticanje novih veština samopomoći. Nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u ineresovanju za promenom štetnih uticaja po zdravlje u odnosu na mesto stanovanja.Zaključak: Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja možemo zaključiti da se identifikacijom ličnih i sredinskih činilaca koji utiču na nivo ostvarivanja životnih navika, nivoa ostvarivanja životnih navika, nivoa zadovoljstva u ostvarivanju životnih navika i interesovanja stvara mogućnost izrade individualnog programa. Individualni rad sa starom osobom planiran je kao uticaj na lične činioce koji su značajni za održavanje funkcionalne sposobnosti i kvaliteta života. Defektološka procena, uticaj na promene životnih navika, kao i razvijanje adaptivnih kapaciteta u skladu sa mogućnostima i interesovanjima starih, osnov su defektološkog tretmana. Uključivanje defektologa u tim za podršku starima, potrebno je kako bi se programima edukacije podržalo aktivno starenje na nivou društvene zajednice i poboljšao kvalitet života starih u institucionalnim i vaninstitucionalnim oblicima zbrinjavanja. Primena programa na preostale očuvane potencijale stare osobe, uvažavanje objektivnih i subjektivnih indikatora kvaliteta života, edukacijom i rehabilitacijom obezbeđuje se moguća socijalna participacija starih.

Background: The population of the Republic of Serbia is among the oldest ones in the world. Aging hinders the performance of life habits and leads a person to "a handicap situation," which, according to the Quebec model, is defined by measuring the level of life habits performance, the type of assistance required and the level of satisfaction. The assessment of the impact of life habits and interests on the quality of life of the elderly is an important part of rehabilitation procedures and support to active aging.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the factors of the handicap creation with the elderly and the development of individual prevention programs as support to active aging.Methods: The sample of 100 respondents aged 65-95 years divided into two groups, was formed. The first group consisted of 50 elderly people who live in a family environment and who are covered by non-institutional forms of care. The second group consisted of 50 elderly people, placed in Gerontology Center, covered by a form of institutional care. A standardized questionnaire "Assessment of life habits - Life-H" (Fougeurollas, et al., 1998) was applied, for measuring the level of performance, the type of assistance required and the level of satisfaction in 12 life habits categories, as well as the Questionnaire for assessing the status and interests of the elderly constructed for the purpose of this research.Results: The results of our study show that the biological aging process influences the difficulties in performing life habits which lead to a handicap situation. Aggravating factors in everyday performance of social habits of an elderly person are the number of diseases, level of education, financial status and the place of residence. Comparing the results, we can conclude that there are differences in terms of elderly people’s satisfaction in relation to where they live. Respondents in a family environment had a significantly higher level of satisfaction with the performance of life habits, except in exercisingresponsibility and entertainment-recreation compared to those living in the Gerontology Center. The elderly in Gerontology Center have significantly higher interest in lifelong learning compared to those living in a family environment, whereas the latter ones have significantly higher interest in acquiring new skills of self-help. There was no statistically significant difference in the interest to change the factors harmful to health in relation to the place of residence.Conclusion: Based on these results we can conclude that the identification of personal and environmental factors that affect the level of performance of life habits, the level of satisfaction with social participation and interests creates the possibility of developing individual programs. Individual work with an elderly person is planned as an influence on personal factors that are important for the maintenance of functional ability and quality of life. Special education and rehabilitation assessment, the impact on life habits change, as well as developing adaptive capacity in accordance with the capabilities and interests of the elderly, are the basis of special education and rehabilitation treatment. It is necessary to involve special educator in the teams for support to the elderly, in order to support active aging through the education programs at the level of the community and improve the quality of life of the elderly in institutional and non-institutional forms of care. Possible social participation of the elderly can be ensured by the implementation of programs for the remaining preserved potential of the elderly, respect of the objective and subjective indicators of quality of life, education and rehabilitation.