Mogući uzroci, klinička ispoljavanja i rani pokazatelji ADHD

Abstract

ADHD sindrom još uvek predstavlja poseban naučni i stručni izazov s obzirom da se i dalje istražuje sa velikom pažnjom i očekivanjem da će se u potpunosti rešiti njegov mehanizam nastanka, simptomi koji još nisu otkriveni, a mogli bi biti pravi rani pokazatelji i utvrditi postupci u tretmanu koji bi bili u potpunosti delotvorni. Do sada je poznato da je kod dece sa ADHD sindromom prisutan „nizak prag tolerancije na frustraciju“ i nagle promene rasploženja, dok osnovni simptomi ADHD uključuju razvojni deficit u kognitivnoj kontroli i radnoj memoriji. Kod dece sa ADHD sindromom čeoni režnjevi i pojedine supkortikalne strukture nisu dovoljno aktivne i razvijene, njihove smetnje nisu u vezi sa nedostatkom saznajnih sposobnosti, niskom inteligencijom, nerazvijenim motoričkim sposobnostima, već su u vezi sa nemogućnošću efikasnog kontrolisanja sposobnosti koje dete poseduje, nedostatkom samoregulacije i samokontrole. S obziromm da je ADHD neurokognitivni poremećaj u kome se karakteristični simptomi ispoljavaju i kao razvojni deficit u kognitivnoj kontroli i da deca uglavnom imaju smetnje u regulisanju pažnje, inhibicije i održavanja informacija u radnoj memoriji ona i zahtevaju blagovremeni kompleksan medicinsko-logopedsko-defektološko-psihološko-pedagoški tretman.

ADHD syndrome still represents special scientific and professional challenge, concerning the fact that it is still examined with great attention. There are great expectations that its mechanism of origination will be solved, that symptoms which are not discovered yet will appear and will be sound early indicators, and that actions in treatment which would be completely efficient will be determined. Till now it is known that in children with ADHD syndrome is present „low level of tolerance on frustration“, and sudden changes in mood, while basic symptoms of ADHD include deficit in cognitive control and working memory. In children with ADHD syndrome frontal lobe and certain supracortical structures are not sufficiently active and developed, their disabilities are not related with absence of cognitive abilities, low intelligence, undeveloped motoric abilities, but, they are related to the impossibility of effective control of abilities which child has, with absence of self-regulation and self-control. Concerning the fact that ADHD is neurocognitive disorder in which characteristic symptoms are developed as developmental deficits in cognitive control and that children mainly have disabilities in regulation of attention, inhibitions and maintaining information’s in working memory they also require timely timely complex medical-speech therapy-defectological-psychological-pedagogical treatment.