Senzorni integrativni pristup: sistemski pregled efikasnosti Intervencija usmerenih na decu

Abstract

Uvod: Teorija senzorne integracije koju je predložila Džin Ers predstavlja kamen temeljac raznovrsnim i, u današnje vreme, sve mnogobrojnijim intervencijama usmerenim na decu sa teškoćama senzornog procesiranja. Počevši od sedamdesetih godina kada je teorija postavljena, senzorna integrativna disfunkcija sve se češće uočava kod dece tipične populacije i dece sa smetnjama u razvoju, pri čemu je najuočljivija i najčešće opisivana kod dece sa poremećajem iz spektra autizma. Ove teškoće značajno negativno utiču na neurološki, motorni i govorno-jezički razvoj dece, na mogućnost komunikacije, socijalizacije i usvajanja adaptivnih veština. To je uslovilo razvoj različitih intervencija koje se sprovode u cilju ublažavanja ili eliminisanja teškoća senzornog procesiranja. Međutim, nisu sve intervencije usklađene sa principima teorije Džin Ers i njihova efikasnost nije u adekvatnoj meri ispitana. Cilj: Cilj ovog rada je da se analiziraju i opišu rezultati istraživanja koja se bave evaluacijom efikasnosti različitih intervencija zasnovanih na senzornom pristupu. Metode: Pretraživanje literature u skladu sa odabranim ključnim rečima izvršeno je uz pomoć servisa Konzorcijuma biblioteka Srbije za objedinjenu nabavku i pretraživača Google Scholar. Rezultati: Nastojali smo da u izbor uključimo istraživanja koja se bave novijim i nedovoljno istraženim senzornim intervencijama za decu tipičnog razvoja i decu sa poremećajem iz spektra autizma. Istraživanja koja su ušla u konačan izbor pružaju interesantne i relevantne informacije o efikasnosti senzornog pristupa u intervencijama usmerenim na probleme hranjenja i ishrane, spavanja, emocionalno-bihevioralnih i kognitivnih teškoća dece sa teškoćama senzornog procesiranja. Zaključak: Na osnovu pregleda dosadašnje literature možemo zaključiti da intervencije zasnovane na senzornom pristupu imaju pozitivne efekte na različite domene funkcionisanja dece TR i dece sa PSA. Takođe, da nisu sve intervencije podjednako efikasne, niti imaju pozitivne efekte na različite domene života.

Introduction: The theory of Sensory Integration proposed by Jean Ayres represents the cornerstone of various and, nowadays, more and more numerous interventions aimed at children with sensory processing difficulties. Beginning in the 1970s, when the theory was established, sensory integrative dysfunction is increasingly observed in children of the typical population and children with developmental disabilities, and is more noticeable and most often described in children with autism spectrum disorders. These difficulties significantly negatively affect the neurological, motor and speech-language development of children, the ability to communicate, socialize and adopt adaptive skills. This has led to the development of various interventions that are carried out with the aim of mitigating or eliminating the difficulties of sensory processing. However, not all interventions are in line with the principles of Jean Ayres theory and their effectiveness has not been adequately evaluated. Aim: The aim of this paper is to analyze and describe the results of research that evaluates the effectiveness of various interventions based on the sensory approach. Methods: The literature search in accordance with the selected keywords was performed with the help of the service of the Serbian Library Consortium for Unified Procurement (KOBSON) and the Google Scholar search engine. Results: We tried to include research that deals with newer and insufficiently researched sensory interventions for children with typical development and children with autism spectrum disorder. The final research provides interesting and relevant information on the effectiveness of sensory access in interventions focused on the problems of feeding and nutrition, sleep, emotional-behavioral and cognitive difficulties of children with sensory processing difficulties. Conclusion: Based on the review of previous literature, we can conclude that interventions based on the sensory approach have positive effects on different domains of functioning of typically developed children and children with autism spectrum disorder. We can also conclude that not all interventions are equally effective or have positive effects on different domains of life.