Neuroplastičnost kod osoba s neurorazvojnim Poremećajima

Abstract

Uvod: Kritičnim fazama neuroplastičnosti smatraju se periodi u kojima je razvoj funkcionalnih svojstava mozga izrazito modulisan iskustvom, a razdoblje ranog detinjstva se naglašava kao jedan od krucijalnih činilaca razlika u njenim mehanizmima, koji mogu da utiču na pojavu nekih neurorazvojnih poremećaja. Cilj: Cilj rada je analiza podataka o ustrojstvu neuroplastičnosti kod pojedinih neurorazvojnih poremećaja (intelektualna ometenost, poremećaj iz spektra autizma i poremećaj pažnje s hiperaktivnošću), kao i mogućoj stimulaciji u ovom domenu. Metode: U svrhu ostvarivanja cilja izvršen je pregled literature objavljene u recenziranim akademskim publikacijama. Rezultati: Rezultati niza studija ukazuju na to da se izmenjena neuroplastičnost može smatrati osnovom nekih od ovih poremećaja. Rana intervencija usmerena na facilitaciju mehanizama neuroplastičnosti poboljšava razvojne ishode kod dece s neurorazvojnim poremećajima. Zaključak: Potvrđena je efikasnost više različitih oblika tretmana u ovom domenu, koji podrazumevaju obogaćivanje životne sredine, primenu neinvazivnih stimulativnih protokola i kognitivni trening.

Introduction: Critical phases of neuroplasticity are considered to be periods in which the development of the brain’s functional properties is strongly modulated by experience, and the period of early childhood is emphasized as one of the crucial factors of differences in its mechanisms, which can influence the appearance of some neurodevelopmental disorders. Aim: The aim of the paper is to analyze data on the structure of neuroplasticity in persons with certain neurodevelopmental disorders (intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), as well as on possible stimulation in this domain. Methods: To achieve this goal, a review of the literature published in peer-reviewed academic publications was carried out. Results: Results from a number of studies indicate that altered neuroplasticity may underlie some of these disorders. Early intervention aimed at facilitating neuroplasticity mechanisms improves developmental outcomes in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Conclusion: Several effective treatments have been confirmed in this domain, including environmental enrichment, application of noninvasive stimulation protocols, and cognitive training.