Doprinos ranih psihoanalitičkih učenja o mehanizmima odbrane psihologiji ometenosti

Abstract

This paper deals with mechanisms of defense, analyzing its usefulness and contribution to the psychology of disability. Only the early psychoanalytic concepts of the mechanisms of defense are discussed since this is their first treatment in this field of psychology. Mechanisms of defense are unconscious maneuvers that protect one from unpleasant situations or feelings. As the literature shows, children and adults with disabilities are insufficiently socially integrated, which causes a feeling of isolation and inadequacy, and consequently, the development of negative personality traits. There is a greater tendency for these persons to develop anxiety. These circumstances lead to the frequent, and therefore, rigid engagement of largely immature mechanisms of defense as attempts to defend against painful affections. The ego, in a psychodynamic vocabulary, is forced to engage defense mechanisms that keep individuals from internal unpleasant situations (feeling of difference, isolation, anxiety, irrational feeling of guilt and "sinfulness"), conflicts between possibilities and desires, and affective reactions to prejudices and segregation. For this purpose, the individual, depending on the age and quality of psychological functioning, uses the various mechanisms of defense shown in this paper. The paper launches theoretical considerations and practical issues of working with children and people with disabilities. Further research should empirically determine the dominant mechanisms of defense in children and adults with certain types of interference.

Rad se bavi mehanizmima odbrane, analizom njihove upotrebljivosti i doprinosa psihologiji ometenosti. Diskutovani su samo rani psiho- analitički koncepti mehanizama odbrane, s obzirom da je ovo prvo nji- hovo tretiranje u ovom polju psihologije. Mehanizmi odbrane su nesves- ni manevri kojima se osoba brani od neprijatnih stanja ili osećanja. Kako literatura pokazuje, deca sa smetnjama u razvoju i odrasle osobe sa ometenošću nedovoljno su socijalno integrisane, što uzrokuje osećanje izolovanosti i neadekvatnosti, a posledično i razvoj negativnih oso- bina ličnosti. Kod ovih osoba postoji i veća sklonost ka razvoju anksi- oznosti. Ove okolnosti vode učestalom, a samim tim i rigidnom anga- žovanju uglavnom nezrelih mehanizama odbrane kao pokušaja odbrane od bolnih afekata. Ego (govoreći psihodinamskim rečnikom) je prinuđen da angažuje mehanizme odbrane koji pojedinca čuvaju od unutrašnjih neprijatnih stanja (osećanje različitosti, izolovanosti, anksioz- nosti, iracionalno osećanje krivice i „grešnosti”), konflikata iz- među njihovih mogućnosti i njihovih želja i/ili nagona i afektivnih reakcija na predrasude i segregaciju. U tu svrhu, pojedinac (zavisno od uzrasta i kvaliteta psihološkog funkcionisanja) koristi različite mehanizme odbrane prikazane u ovom radu. Rad pokreće teorijska razma- tranja i praktična pitanja rada sa decom i osobama sa ometenošću. Naredna istraživanja trebalo bi da empirijski utvrde preovlađujuće mehanizme odbrane kod dece i odraslih sa određenim vrstama smetnji.