Pristupi u proceni vizuelnih mogućnosti dece sa smetnjama u razvoju u prvoj godini života

Abstract

Za procenu vida na ranom uzrastu pre svega je potrebno poznavati redosled i vre- me uspostavljanja određenih funkcija koje omogućavaju vizuelno percipiranje. U prvoj godini života mogu se ispitivati reagovanje na svetlost, prisutnost refleksa zenice i treptanja, motilitet očiju i oštrina vida. Međutim, kod dece s razvojnim smetnjama, prisutne teškoće mogu da otežaju ili u potpu- nosti onemoguće oftalmološka ispitivanja ili interpretaciju dobijenih odgovora. Naročito je teško izvršiti procenu vida kod dece kod koje postoji oštećenje vida i kombinacija razvojnih smetnji. Zbog toga se za utvrđivanje vizuelnih sposobnosti ove dece u prvoj godini života, osim kliničkih ispitivanja, preporučuje primena specijalizovanog pristupa baziranog na poznavanju zakonitisti koje ukazuju na razvoj funkcija vida, kao i na uočavanju i tumačenju detetovog ponašanja. U prvoj godini života uredan razvoj vida pod- razumeva pojavu kontakta očima, kopiranja izraza lica i vizuelne interakcije, svesti o sopstvenim rukama i kopiranje uočene radnje, razlikovanje osoba i pred- meta i funkcionalne upotrebe ruku. Procena vida na uzrastu do godinu dana podrazumeva prepoznavanje odsustva razvojnih pokazatelja u određenom periodu i tumačenje karakterističnih ponašanja.

In order to estimate vision at an early age, it is necessary to know the timeline of establishment of certain functions that enable visual perception. In the first year of life, it is possible to examine light responses, the presence of pupil reflex and blinking, eye motility and visual acuity. However, in children with developmental disabilities there are (some) difficulties present and they make ophthalmological examination or interpretation of responses difficult or even impossible. It is particularly difficult to perform eye assessment in multiply disabled visually impaired children. Therefore, in order to determine the visual abilities of those children in the first year of life, apart from clinical tests, it is recommended to apply a specialized approach based on the knowledge of rules that indicate the visual functions’ development, as well as the perception and interpretation of the child’s behavior. In the first year of life, the proper vision development implies the appearance of an eye contact, copying facial expressions and visual interaction, awareness of one’s own hands and copying detected action, differentiation of persons and objects and functional use of a hand. Visual assessment at age of one year implies recognizing the absence of developmental indicators in a given period and interpretation of characteristic behaviors.