Roditeljsko disciplinovanje u funkciji prevencije problema ponašanja

Abstract

Disciplinovanje podrazumeva usmeravanje ponašanja deteta u socijalno poželjnom pravcu, i to putem korekcije neprihvatljivog ponašanja ili kroz podsticanje pozitivnih obrazaca socijalnog ponašanja. S obzirom na usmerenost disciplinskih postupaka razlikuje se korektivno i preventivno roditeljsko disciplinovanje. Korektivno ili reaktivno disciplinovanje je usmereno na modifikaciju ponašanja i predstavlja odgovor roditelja na dečja ponašanja koja su percipirana kao neprimerena. Korektivni postupci, kojima roditelji nastoje da isprave ili zaustave nepoželjno ponašanje deteta, mogu biti u formi kažnjavanja ili alternative kažnjavanju. Sa druge strane, preventivno ili proaktivno disciplinovanje je primarno fokusirano na jačanje, podsticanje i ohrabrivanje pozitivnog ponašanja deteta, ali se njegovi efekti ostvaruju i na planu redukovanja mogućnosti za nastajanje i razvijanje nepoželjnih obrazaca i modela ponašanja. Proaktivni vaspitni postupci ne samo do promovišu pozitivan razvoj i ponašanje dece, već doprinose i prevenciji potencijalnih problema ponašanja. Stoga se ovi vaspitni postupci, kojima roditelji, korišćenjem metoda podučavanja i vežbanja, nastoje da razviju socijalne veštine deteta i izgrade pozitivan i sarađujući odnos sa njim, često označavaju preventivnim disciplinovanjem. U radu će, nakon pojmovnog određenja korektivnog i pozitivnog disciplinovanja, biti ukazano na moguće ishode različitih vaspitnih postupaka roditelja, potrebu njihove komplementarne primene, kao i ključne pretpostavke ostvarivanja njihove efektivnosti na planu prevencije problema ponašanja dece i omladine.

Discipline is defined as handling the child`s behavior in socially acceptable way through correction of unacceptable behavior, and by encouraging positive social behavior. Therefore, it is desirable, since the disciplinary practices follow or precede behavioral problems of the child, to distinguish corrective and positive parental discipline. Corrective or reactive discipline is focused on behavior modification and it is a parent`s response to children’s behaviors which are perceived as inappropriate. Corrective actions, in which parents are trying to correct or stop undesirable behavior of a child, may be in the form of punishment (eg. corporal and verbal punishment, deprivation of privileges, moving restrictions, placing additional obligations) or alternatives to punishment (ie. ignoring, monitoring, explaining, rewarding). On the other hand, the positive or proactive discipline is primarily focused on strengthening, fostering and encouraging positive behavior in children, but it`s effects are noteable on the planning of reducing the possibilities for the formation and development of undesirable patterns and models of behavior. In other words, proactive parental practices not only promote positive development and behavior of children, but also contribute to the prevention of potential behavioral problems. Thus, these parental practices, in which parents use methods of teaching and practicing, are trying to develop the child`s social skills and to build a positive and cooperating relationship with him. These practices are oftenf referred as parental discipline. In this paper, corrective and positive disciplining concepts will be determined, possible outcomes of different parental practices and the need for their complementary use will be shown, and at last, key assumptions which provide their effectiveness in preventing problem behaviors of children and youth will be presented.