TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lasalvia, A.
AU  - Van Bortel, T.
AU  - Bonetto, C.
AU  - Jayaram, G.
AU  - Van Weeghel, J.
AU  - Zoppei, S.
AU  - Knifton, L.
AU  - Quinn, N.
AU  - Wahlbeck, K.
AU  - Cristofalo, D.
AU  - Lanfredi, M.
AU  - Sartorius, N.
AU  - Thornicroft, G.
AU  - Treacy, S.
AU  - Brohan, E.
AU  - Ando, S.
AU  - Rose, D.
AU  - Aromaa, E.
AU  - Nordmyr, J.
AU  - Nyqvist, F.
AU  - Herberts, C.
AU  - Lewis, O.
AU  - Russo, J.
AU  - Karsay, D.
AU  - Maglajlić, R.
AU  - Goldie, I.
AU  - Van Audenhove, C.
AU  - Scheerder, G.
AU  - Tambuyzer, E.
AU  - Hristakeva, V.
AU  - Germanov, D.
AU  - Roelandt, J.L.
AU  - Bacle, S.V.
AU  - Daumerie, N.
AU  - Caria, A.
AU  - Zaske, H.
AU  - Gaebel, W.
AU  - Economou, M.
AU  - Louki, E.
AU  - Peppou, L.
AU  - Geroulanou, K.
AU  - Harangozo, J.
AU  - Sebes, J.
AU  - Csukly, G.
AU  - Rossi, G.
AU  - Pedrini, L.
AU  - Germanavicius, A.
AU  - Markovskaja, N.
AU  - Valantinas, V.
AU  - Boumans, J.
AU  - Willemsen, E.
AU  - Plooy, A.
AU  - Duarte, T.
AU  - Monteiro, F.J.
AU  - Teodorescu, R.
AU  - Pana, E.
AU  - Radu, I.
AU  - Hurova, J.
AU  - Leczova, D.
AU  - Svab, V.
AU  - Konecnik, N.
AU  - Reneses, B.
AU  - Lopez-Ibor, J.J.
AU  - Palomares, N.
AU  - Bayon, C.
AU  - Ucok, A.
AU  - Karaday, G.
AU  - Glozier, N.
AU  - Cockayne, N.
AU  - Tófoli, L.F.
AU  - Alves Costa, M.S.
AU  - Milev, R.
AU  - Garrah, T.
AU  - Tackaberry, L.
AU  - Stuart, H.
AU  - Margetić, B.A.
AU  - Grošić, P.F.
AU  - Wenigová, B.
AU  - Pavla, E.
AU  - Radwan, D.N.
AU  - Johnson, P.
AU  - Goud, R.
AU  - Nandesh, G. J.
AU  - Suzuki, Y.
AU  - Akiyama, T.
AU  - Matsunaga, A.
AU  - Bernick, P.
AU  - James, B.
AU  - Ola, B.
AU  - Owoeye, O.
AU  - Oshodi, Y.
AU  - Abdulmalik, J.
AU  - Chee, K.-Y.
AU  - Ali, N.
AU  - Kadri, N.
AU  - Belghazi, D.
AU  - Anwar, Y.
AU  - Khan, N.
AU  - Kausar, R.
AU  - Milačić-Vidojević, Ivona
AU  - Sumathipala, A.
AU  - Chang, C.-C.
AU  - Nacef, F.
AU  - Ouali, U.
AU  - Ouertani, H.
AU  - Jomli, R.
AU  - Ouertani, A.
AU  - Kaaniche, K.
AU  - Bello, R.
AU  - Ortega, M.
AU  - Melone, A.
AU  - Marques, M.A.
AU  - Marco, F.
AU  - Ríos, A.
AU  - Rodríguez, E.
AU  - Laguado, A.
AU  - The Aspen/indigo Study Group
PY  - 2015
UR  - http://rfasper.fasper.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/945
AB  - Background: No study has so far explored differences in discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder (MDD) across countries and cultures. Aims: To (a) compare reported discrimination across different countries, and (b) explore the relative weight of individual and contextual factors in explaining levels of reported discrimination in people with MDD. Method: Cross-sectional multisite international survey (34 countries worldwide) of 1082 people with MDD. Experienced and anticipated discrimination were assessed by the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC). Countries were classified according to their rating on the Human Development Index (HDI). Multilevel negative binomial and Poisson models were used. Results: People living in 'very high HDI' countries reported higher discrimination than those in 'medium/low HDI' countries. Variation in reported discrimination across countries was only partially explained by individual-level variables. The contribution of country-level variables was significant for anticipated discrimination only. Conclusions: Contextual factors play an important role in anticipated discrimination. Country-specific interventions should be implemented to prevent discrimination towards people with MDD.
PB  - Royal College of Psychiatrists
T2  - British Journal of Psychiatry
T1  - Cross-national variations in reported discrimination among people treated for major depression worldwide: The ASPEN/INDIGO international study
EP  - 514
IS  - 6
SP  - 507
VL  - 207
DO  - 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156992
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Lasalvia, A. and Van Bortel, T. and Bonetto, C. and Jayaram, G. and Van Weeghel, J. and Zoppei, S. and Knifton, L. and Quinn, N. and Wahlbeck, K. and Cristofalo, D. and Lanfredi, M. and Sartorius, N. and Thornicroft, G. and Treacy, S. and Brohan, E. and Ando, S. and Rose, D. and Aromaa, E. and Nordmyr, J. and Nyqvist, F. and Herberts, C. and Lewis, O. and Russo, J. and Karsay, D. and Maglajlić, R. and Goldie, I. and Van Audenhove, C. and Scheerder, G. and Tambuyzer, E. and Hristakeva, V. and Germanov, D. and Roelandt, J.L. and Bacle, S.V. and Daumerie, N. and Caria, A. and Zaske, H. and Gaebel, W. and Economou, M. and Louki, E. and Peppou, L. and Geroulanou, K. and Harangozo, J. and Sebes, J. and Csukly, G. and Rossi, G. and Pedrini, L. and Germanavicius, A. and Markovskaja, N. and Valantinas, V. and Boumans, J. and Willemsen, E. and Plooy, A. and Duarte, T. and Monteiro, F.J. and Teodorescu, R. and Pana, E. and Radu, I. and Hurova, J. and Leczova, D. and Svab, V. and Konecnik, N. and Reneses, B. and Lopez-Ibor, J.J. and Palomares, N. and Bayon, C. and Ucok, A. and Karaday, G. and Glozier, N. and Cockayne, N. and Tófoli, L.F. and Alves Costa, M.S. and Milev, R. and Garrah, T. and Tackaberry, L. and Stuart, H. and Margetić, B.A. and Grošić, P.F. and Wenigová, B. and Pavla, E. and Radwan, D.N. and Johnson, P. and Goud, R. and Nandesh, G. J. and Suzuki, Y. and Akiyama, T. and Matsunaga, A. and Bernick, P. and James, B. and Ola, B. and Owoeye, O. and Oshodi, Y. and Abdulmalik, J. and Chee, K.-Y. and Ali, N. and Kadri, N. and Belghazi, D. and Anwar, Y. and Khan, N. and Kausar, R. and Milačić-Vidojević, Ivona and Sumathipala, A. and Chang, C.-C. and Nacef, F. and Ouali, U. and Ouertani, H. and Jomli, R. and Ouertani, A. and Kaaniche, K. and Bello, R. and Ortega, M. and Melone, A. and Marques, M.A. and Marco, F. and Ríos, A. and Rodríguez, E. and Laguado, A. and The Aspen/indigo Study Group",
year = "2015",
abstract = "Background: No study has so far explored differences in discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder (MDD) across countries and cultures. Aims: To (a) compare reported discrimination across different countries, and (b) explore the relative weight of individual and contextual factors in explaining levels of reported discrimination in people with MDD. Method: Cross-sectional multisite international survey (34 countries worldwide) of 1082 people with MDD. Experienced and anticipated discrimination were assessed by the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC). Countries were classified according to their rating on the Human Development Index (HDI). Multilevel negative binomial and Poisson models were used. Results: People living in 'very high HDI' countries reported higher discrimination than those in 'medium/low HDI' countries. Variation in reported discrimination across countries was only partially explained by individual-level variables. The contribution of country-level variables was significant for anticipated discrimination only. Conclusions: Contextual factors play an important role in anticipated discrimination. Country-specific interventions should be implemented to prevent discrimination towards people with MDD.",
publisher = "Royal College of Psychiatrists",
journal = "British Journal of Psychiatry",
title = "Cross-national variations in reported discrimination among people treated for major depression worldwide: The ASPEN/INDIGO international study",
pages = "514-507",
number = "6",
volume = "207",
doi = "10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156992"
}

Lasalvia, A., Van Bortel, T., Bonetto, C., Jayaram, G., Van Weeghel, J., Zoppei, S., Knifton, L., Quinn, N., Wahlbeck, K., Cristofalo, D., Lanfredi, M., Sartorius, N., Thornicroft, G., Treacy, S., Brohan, E., Ando, S., Rose, D., Aromaa, E., Nordmyr, J., Nyqvist, F., Herberts, C., Lewis, O., Russo, J., Karsay, D., Maglajlić, R., Goldie, I., Van Audenhove, C., Scheerder, G., Tambuyzer, E., Hristakeva, V., Germanov, D., Roelandt, J.L., Bacle, S.V., Daumerie, N., Caria, A., Zaske, H., Gaebel, W., Economou, M., Louki, E., Peppou, L., Geroulanou, K., Harangozo, J., Sebes, J., Csukly, G., Rossi, G., Pedrini, L., Germanavicius, A., Markovskaja, N., Valantinas, V., Boumans, J., Willemsen, E., Plooy, A., Duarte, T., Monteiro, F.J., Teodorescu, R., Pana, E., Radu, I., Hurova, J., Leczova, D., Svab, V., Konecnik, N., Reneses, B., Lopez-Ibor, J.J., Palomares, N., Bayon, C., Ucok, A., Karaday, G., Glozier, N., Cockayne, N., Tófoli, L.F., Alves Costa, M.S., Milev, R., Garrah, T., Tackaberry, L., Stuart, H., Margetić, B.A., Grošić, P.F., Wenigová, B., Pavla, E., Radwan, D.N., Johnson, P., Goud, R., Nandesh, G. J., Suzuki, Y., Akiyama, T., Matsunaga, A., Bernick, P., James, B., Ola, B., Owoeye, O., Oshodi, Y., Abdulmalik, J., Chee, K.-Y., Ali, N., Kadri, N., Belghazi, D., Anwar, Y., Khan, N., Kausar, R., Milačić-Vidojević, I., Sumathipala, A., Chang, C.-C., Nacef, F., Ouali, U., Ouertani, H., Jomli, R., Ouertani, A., Kaaniche, K., Bello, R., Ortega, M., Melone, A., Marques, M.A., Marco, F., Ríos, A., Rodríguez, E., Laguado, A.,& The Aspen/indigo Study Group. (2015). Cross-national variations in reported discrimination among people treated for major depression worldwide: The ASPEN/INDIGO international study. in British Journal of Psychiatry
Royal College of Psychiatrists., 207(6), 507-514.
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156992

Lasalvia A, Van Bortel T, Bonetto C, Jayaram G, Van Weeghel J, Zoppei S, Knifton L, Quinn N, Wahlbeck K, Cristofalo D, Lanfredi M, Sartorius N, Thornicroft G, Treacy S, Brohan E, Ando S, Rose D, Aromaa E, Nordmyr J, Nyqvist F, Herberts C, Lewis O, Russo J, Karsay D, Maglajlić R, Goldie I, Van Audenhove C, Scheerder G, Tambuyzer E, Hristakeva V, Germanov D, Roelandt J, Bacle S, Daumerie N, Caria A, Zaske H, Gaebel W, Economou M, Louki E, Peppou L, Geroulanou K, Harangozo J, Sebes J, Csukly G, Rossi G, Pedrini L, Germanavicius A, Markovskaja N, Valantinas V, Boumans J, Willemsen E, Plooy A, Duarte T, Monteiro F, Teodorescu R, Pana E, Radu I, Hurova J, Leczova D, Svab V, Konecnik N, Reneses B, Lopez-Ibor J, Palomares N, Bayon C, Ucok A, Karaday G, Glozier N, Cockayne N, Tófoli L, Alves Costa M, Milev R, Garrah T, Tackaberry L, Stuart H, Margetić B, Grošić P, Wenigová B, Pavla E, Radwan D, Johnson P, Goud R, Nandesh GJ, Suzuki Y, Akiyama T, Matsunaga A, Bernick P, James B, Ola B, Owoeye O, Oshodi Y, Abdulmalik J, Chee K, Ali N, Kadri N, Belghazi D, Anwar Y, Khan N, Kausar R, Milačić-Vidojević I, Sumathipala A, Chang C, Nacef F, Ouali U, Ouertani H, Jomli R, Ouertani A, Kaaniche K, Bello R, Ortega M, Melone A, Marques M, Marco F, Ríos A, Rodríguez E, Laguado A, The Aspen/indigo Study Group. Cross-national variations in reported discrimination among people treated for major depression worldwide: The ASPEN/INDIGO international study. in British Journal of Psychiatry. 2015;207(6):507-514.
doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156992 .

Lasalvia, A., Van Bortel, T., Bonetto, C., Jayaram, G., Van Weeghel, J., Zoppei, S., Knifton, L., Quinn, N., Wahlbeck, K., Cristofalo, D., Lanfredi, M., Sartorius, N., Thornicroft, G., Treacy, S., Brohan, E., Ando, S., Rose, D., Aromaa, E., Nordmyr, J., Nyqvist, F., Herberts, C., Lewis, O., Russo, J., Karsay, D., Maglajlić, R., Goldie, I., Van Audenhove, C., Scheerder, G., Tambuyzer, E., Hristakeva, V., Germanov, D., Roelandt, J.L., Bacle, S.V., Daumerie, N., Caria, A., Zaske, H., Gaebel, W., Economou, M., Louki, E., Peppou, L., Geroulanou, K., Harangozo, J., Sebes, J., Csukly, G., Rossi, G., Pedrini, L., Germanavicius, A., Markovskaja, N., Valantinas, V., Boumans, J., Willemsen, E., Plooy, A., Duarte, T., Monteiro, F.J., Teodorescu, R., Pana, E., Radu, I., Hurova, J., Leczova, D., Svab, V., Konecnik, N., Reneses, B., Lopez-Ibor, J.J., Palomares, N., Bayon, C., Ucok, A., Karaday, G., Glozier, N., Cockayne, N., Tófoli, L.F., Alves Costa, M.S., Milev, R., Garrah, T., Tackaberry, L., Stuart, H., Margetić, B.A., Grošić, P.F., Wenigová, B., Pavla, E., Radwan, D.N., Johnson, P., Goud, R., Nandesh, G. J., Suzuki, Y., Akiyama, T., Matsunaga, A., Bernick, P., James, B., Ola, B., Owoeye, O., Oshodi, Y., Abdulmalik, J., Chee, K.-Y., Ali, N., Kadri, N., Belghazi, D., Anwar, Y., Khan, N., Kausar, R., Milačić-Vidojević, Ivona, Sumathipala, A., Chang, C.-C., Nacef, F., Ouali, U., Ouertani, H., Jomli, R., Ouertani, A., Kaaniche, K., Bello, R., Ortega, M., Melone, A., Marques, M.A., Marco, F., Ríos, A., Rodríguez, E., Laguado, A., The Aspen/indigo Study Group, "Cross-national variations in reported discrimination among people treated for major depression worldwide: The ASPEN/INDIGO international study" in British Journal of Psychiatry, 207, no. 6 (2015):507-514,
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156992 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lasalvia, A.
AU  - Zoppei, S.
AU  - Van Bortel, T.
AU  - Bonetto, C.
AU  - Cristofalo, D.
AU  - Wahlbeck, K.
AU  - Bacle, S.V.
AU  - Van Audenhove, C.
AU  - Van Weeghel, J.
AU  - Reneses, B.
AU  - Germanavicius, A.
AU  - Economou, M.
AU  - Lanfredi, M.
AU  - Ando, S.
AU  - Sartorius, N.
AU  - Lopez-Ibor, J.J.
AU  - Thornicroft, G.
AU  - Treacy, S.
AU  - Brohan, E.
AU  - Rose, D.
AU  - Aromaa, E.
AU  - Nordmyr, J.
AU  - Nyqvist, F.
AU  - Herberts, C.
AU  - Lewis, O.
AU  - Russo, J.
AU  - Karsay, D.
AU  - Maglajlić, R.
AU  - Goldie, I.
AU  - Lee, K.
AU  - Quinn, N.
AU  - Scheerder, G.
AU  - Tambuyzer, E.
AU  - Hristakeva, V.
AU  - Germanov, D.
AU  - Roelandt, J.L.
AU  - Daumerie, N.
AU  - Caria, A.
AU  - Zaske, H.
AU  - Gaebel, W.
AU  - Louki, E.
AU  - Peppou, L.
AU  - Geroulanou, K.
AU  - Harangozo, J.
AU  - Sebes, J.
AU  - Csukly, G.
AU  - Rossi, G.
AU  - Pedrini, L.
AU  - Markovskaja, N.
AU  - Valantinas, V.
AU  - Boumans, J.
AU  - Willemsen, E.
AU  - Plooy, A.
AU  - Duarte, T.
AU  - Monteiro, F.J.
AU  - Teodorescu, R.
AU  - Radu, I.
AU  - Pana, E.
AU  - Hurova, J.
AU  - Leczova, D.
AU  - Svab, V.
AU  - Konecnik, N.
AU  - Palomares, N.
AU  - Bayon, C.
AU  - Ucok, A.
AU  - Karaday, G.
AU  - Glozier, N.
AU  - Cockayne, N.
AU  - Tófoli, L.F.
AU  - Costa, M.S.A.
AU  - Milev, R.
AU  - Garrah, T.
AU  - Tackaberry, L.
AU  - Stuart, H.
AU  - Margetić, B.A.
AU  - Grošić, P.F.
AU  - Jakovljević, M.
AU  - Wenigová, B.
AU  - Pavla, Š.
AU  - Radwan, D.N.
AU  - Johnson, P.
AU  - Goud, R.
AU  - Nandesh, St John's Medical College Hospital, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
AU  - Jayaram, G.
AU  - Suzuki, Y.
AU  - Akiyama, T.
AU  - Matsunaga, A.
AU  - Bernick, P.
AU  - Bowa, J.
AU  - Ola, B.
AU  - Owoeye, O.
AU  - Oshodi, Y.
AU  - Abdulmalik, J.
AU  - Chee, K.-Y.
AU  - Ali, N.
AU  - Kadri, N.
AU  - Belghazi, D.
AU  - Anwar, Y.
AU  - Khan, N.
AU  - Kausar, R.
AU  - Milačić-Vidojević, Ivona
AU  - Sumathipala, A.
AU  - Chang, C.-C.
AU  - Nacef, F.
AU  - Ouali, U.
AU  - Ouertani, H.
AU  - Jomli, R.
AU  - Ouertani, A.
AU  - Kaaniche, K.
AU  - Bello, R.
AU  - Ortega, M.
AU  - Melone, A.
AU  - Marques, M.A.
AU  - Marco, F.
AU  - Ríos, A.
AU  - Rodríguez, E.
AU  - Laguado, A.
PY  - 2013
UR  - http://rfasper.fasper.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/741
AB  - Background Depression is the third leading contributor to the worldwide burden of disease. We assessed the nature and severity of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by adults with major depressive disorder worldwide. Moreover, we investigated whether experienced discrimination is related to clinical history, provision of health care, and disclosure of diagnosis and whether anticipated discrimination is associated with disclosure and previous experiences of discrimination. Methods In a cross-sectional survey, people with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder were interviewed in 39 sites (35 countries) worldwide with the discrimination and stigma scale (version 12; DISC-12). Other inclusion criteria were ability to understand and speak the main local language and age 18 years or older. The DISC-12 subscores assessed were reported discrimination and anticipated discrimination. Multivariable regression was used to analyse the data. Findings 1082 people with depression completed the DISC-12. Of these, 855 (79%) reported experiencing discrimination in at least one life domain. 405 (37%) participants had stopped themselves from initiating a close personal relationship, 271 (25%) from applying for work, and 218 (20%) from applying for education or training. We noted that higher levels of experienced discrimination were associated with several lifetime depressive episodes (negative binomial regression coeffi cient 0·20 [95% CI 0·09-0·32], p=0·001); at least one lifetime psychiatric hospital admission (0·29 [0·15-0·42], p=0·001); poorer levels of social functioning (widowed, separated, or divorced 0·10 [0·01-0·19], p=0·032; unpaid employed 0·34 [0·09-0·60], p=0·007; looking for a job 0·26 [0·09-0·43], p=0·002; and unemployed 0·22 [0·03-0·41], p=0·022). Experienced discrimination was also associated with lower willingness to disclose a diagnosis of depression (mean discrimination score 4·18 [SD 3·68] for concealing depression vs 2·25 [2·65] for disclosing depression; p lt 0·0001). Anticipated discrimination is not necessarily associated with experienced discrimination because 147 (47%) of 316 participants who anticipated discrimination in fi nding or keeping a job and 160 (45%) of 353 in their intimate relationships had not experienced discrimination. Interpretation Discrimination related to depression acts as a barrier to social participation and successful vocational integration. Non-disclosure of depression is itself a further barrier to seeking help and to receiving eff ective treatment. This finding suggests that new and sustained approaches are needed to prevent stigmatisation of people with depression and reduce the eff ects of stigma when it is already established. Funding European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Consumers, Public Health Executive Agency.
PB  - Elsevier B.V.
T2  - The Lancet
T1  - Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional survey
EP  - 62
IS  - 9860
SP  - 55
VL  - 381
DO  - 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61379-8
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Lasalvia, A. and Zoppei, S. and Van Bortel, T. and Bonetto, C. and Cristofalo, D. and Wahlbeck, K. and Bacle, S.V. and Van Audenhove, C. and Van Weeghel, J. and Reneses, B. and Germanavicius, A. and Economou, M. and Lanfredi, M. and Ando, S. and Sartorius, N. and Lopez-Ibor, J.J. and Thornicroft, G. and Treacy, S. and Brohan, E. and Rose, D. and Aromaa, E. and Nordmyr, J. and Nyqvist, F. and Herberts, C. and Lewis, O. and Russo, J. and Karsay, D. and Maglajlić, R. and Goldie, I. and Lee, K. and Quinn, N. and Scheerder, G. and Tambuyzer, E. and Hristakeva, V. and Germanov, D. and Roelandt, J.L. and Daumerie, N. and Caria, A. and Zaske, H. and Gaebel, W. and Louki, E. and Peppou, L. and Geroulanou, K. and Harangozo, J. and Sebes, J. and Csukly, G. and Rossi, G. and Pedrini, L. and Markovskaja, N. and Valantinas, V. and Boumans, J. and Willemsen, E. and Plooy, A. and Duarte, T. and Monteiro, F.J. and Teodorescu, R. and Radu, I. and Pana, E. and Hurova, J. and Leczova, D. and Svab, V. and Konecnik, N. and Palomares, N. and Bayon, C. and Ucok, A. and Karaday, G. and Glozier, N. and Cockayne, N. and Tófoli, L.F. and Costa, M.S.A. and Milev, R. and Garrah, T. and Tackaberry, L. and Stuart, H. and Margetić, B.A. and Grošić, P.F. and Jakovljević, M. and Wenigová, B. and Pavla, Š. and Radwan, D.N. and Johnson, P. and Goud, R. and Nandesh, St John's Medical College Hospital, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India and Jayaram, G. and Suzuki, Y. and Akiyama, T. and Matsunaga, A. and Bernick, P. and Bowa, J. and Ola, B. and Owoeye, O. and Oshodi, Y. and Abdulmalik, J. and Chee, K.-Y. and Ali, N. and Kadri, N. and Belghazi, D. and Anwar, Y. and Khan, N. and Kausar, R. and Milačić-Vidojević, Ivona and Sumathipala, A. and Chang, C.-C. and Nacef, F. and Ouali, U. and Ouertani, H. and Jomli, R. and Ouertani, A. and Kaaniche, K. and Bello, R. and Ortega, M. and Melone, A. and Marques, M.A. and Marco, F. and Ríos, A. and Rodríguez, E. and Laguado, A.",
year = "2013",
abstract = "Background Depression is the third leading contributor to the worldwide burden of disease. We assessed the nature and severity of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by adults with major depressive disorder worldwide. Moreover, we investigated whether experienced discrimination is related to clinical history, provision of health care, and disclosure of diagnosis and whether anticipated discrimination is associated with disclosure and previous experiences of discrimination. Methods In a cross-sectional survey, people with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder were interviewed in 39 sites (35 countries) worldwide with the discrimination and stigma scale (version 12; DISC-12). Other inclusion criteria were ability to understand and speak the main local language and age 18 years or older. The DISC-12 subscores assessed were reported discrimination and anticipated discrimination. Multivariable regression was used to analyse the data. Findings 1082 people with depression completed the DISC-12. Of these, 855 (79%) reported experiencing discrimination in at least one life domain. 405 (37%) participants had stopped themselves from initiating a close personal relationship, 271 (25%) from applying for work, and 218 (20%) from applying for education or training. We noted that higher levels of experienced discrimination were associated with several lifetime depressive episodes (negative binomial regression coeffi cient 0·20 [95% CI 0·09-0·32], p=0·001); at least one lifetime psychiatric hospital admission (0·29 [0·15-0·42], p=0·001); poorer levels of social functioning (widowed, separated, or divorced 0·10 [0·01-0·19], p=0·032; unpaid employed 0·34 [0·09-0·60], p=0·007; looking for a job 0·26 [0·09-0·43], p=0·002; and unemployed 0·22 [0·03-0·41], p=0·022). Experienced discrimination was also associated with lower willingness to disclose a diagnosis of depression (mean discrimination score 4·18 [SD 3·68] for concealing depression vs 2·25 [2·65] for disclosing depression; p lt 0·0001). Anticipated discrimination is not necessarily associated with experienced discrimination because 147 (47%) of 316 participants who anticipated discrimination in fi nding or keeping a job and 160 (45%) of 353 in their intimate relationships had not experienced discrimination. Interpretation Discrimination related to depression acts as a barrier to social participation and successful vocational integration. Non-disclosure of depression is itself a further barrier to seeking help and to receiving eff ective treatment. This finding suggests that new and sustained approaches are needed to prevent stigmatisation of people with depression and reduce the eff ects of stigma when it is already established. Funding European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Consumers, Public Health Executive Agency.",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
journal = "The Lancet",
title = "Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional survey",
pages = "62-55",
number = "9860",
volume = "381",
doi = "10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61379-8"
}

Lasalvia, A., Zoppei, S., Van Bortel, T., Bonetto, C., Cristofalo, D., Wahlbeck, K., Bacle, S.V., Van Audenhove, C., Van Weeghel, J., Reneses, B., Germanavicius, A., Economou, M., Lanfredi, M., Ando, S., Sartorius, N., Lopez-Ibor, J.J., Thornicroft, G., Treacy, S., Brohan, E., Rose, D., Aromaa, E., Nordmyr, J., Nyqvist, F., Herberts, C., Lewis, O., Russo, J., Karsay, D., Maglajlić, R., Goldie, I., Lee, K., Quinn, N., Scheerder, G., Tambuyzer, E., Hristakeva, V., Germanov, D., Roelandt, J.L., Daumerie, N., Caria, A., Zaske, H., Gaebel, W., Louki, E., Peppou, L., Geroulanou, K., Harangozo, J., Sebes, J., Csukly, G., Rossi, G., Pedrini, L., Markovskaja, N., Valantinas, V., Boumans, J., Willemsen, E., Plooy, A., Duarte, T., Monteiro, F.J., Teodorescu, R., Radu, I., Pana, E., Hurova, J., Leczova, D., Svab, V., Konecnik, N., Palomares, N., Bayon, C., Ucok, A., Karaday, G., Glozier, N., Cockayne, N., Tófoli, L.F., Costa, M.S.A., Milev, R., Garrah, T., Tackaberry, L., Stuart, H., Margetić, B.A., Grošić, P.F., Jakovljević, M., Wenigová, B., Pavla, Š., Radwan, D.N., Johnson, P., Goud, R., Nandesh, S. J. M. C. H. S. J. N. A. o. H. S. B. I., Jayaram, G., Suzuki, Y., Akiyama, T., Matsunaga, A., Bernick, P., Bowa, J., Ola, B., Owoeye, O., Oshodi, Y., Abdulmalik, J., Chee, K.-Y., Ali, N., Kadri, N., Belghazi, D., Anwar, Y., Khan, N., Kausar, R., Milačić-Vidojević, I., Sumathipala, A., Chang, C.-C., Nacef, F., Ouali, U., Ouertani, H., Jomli, R., Ouertani, A., Kaaniche, K., Bello, R., Ortega, M., Melone, A., Marques, M.A., Marco, F., Ríos, A., Rodríguez, E.,& Laguado, A.. (2013). Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional survey. in The Lancet
Elsevier B.V.., 381(9860), 55-62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61379-8

Lasalvia A, Zoppei S, Van Bortel T, Bonetto C, Cristofalo D, Wahlbeck K, Bacle S, Van Audenhove C, Van Weeghel J, Reneses B, Germanavicius A, Economou M, Lanfredi M, Ando S, Sartorius N, Lopez-Ibor J, Thornicroft G, Treacy S, Brohan E, Rose D, Aromaa E, Nordmyr J, Nyqvist F, Herberts C, Lewis O, Russo J, Karsay D, Maglajlić R, Goldie I, Lee K, Quinn N, Scheerder G, Tambuyzer E, Hristakeva V, Germanov D, Roelandt J, Daumerie N, Caria A, Zaske H, Gaebel W, Louki E, Peppou L, Geroulanou K, Harangozo J, Sebes J, Csukly G, Rossi G, Pedrini L, Markovskaja N, Valantinas V, Boumans J, Willemsen E, Plooy A, Duarte T, Monteiro F, Teodorescu R, Radu I, Pana E, Hurova J, Leczova D, Svab V, Konecnik N, Palomares N, Bayon C, Ucok A, Karaday G, Glozier N, Cockayne N, Tófoli L, Costa M, Milev R, Garrah T, Tackaberry L, Stuart H, Margetić B, Grošić P, Jakovljević M, Wenigová B, Pavla Š, Radwan D, Johnson P, Goud R, Nandesh SJMCHSJNAOHSBI, Jayaram G, Suzuki Y, Akiyama T, Matsunaga A, Bernick P, Bowa J, Ola B, Owoeye O, Oshodi Y, Abdulmalik J, Chee K, Ali N, Kadri N, Belghazi D, Anwar Y, Khan N, Kausar R, Milačić-Vidojević I, Sumathipala A, Chang C, Nacef F, Ouali U, Ouertani H, Jomli R, Ouertani A, Kaaniche K, Bello R, Ortega M, Melone A, Marques M, Marco F, Ríos A, Rodríguez E, Laguado A. Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional survey. in The Lancet. 2013;381(9860):55-62.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61379-8 .

Lasalvia, A., Zoppei, S., Van Bortel, T., Bonetto, C., Cristofalo, D., Wahlbeck, K., Bacle, S.V., Van Audenhove, C., Van Weeghel, J., Reneses, B., Germanavicius, A., Economou, M., Lanfredi, M., Ando, S., Sartorius, N., Lopez-Ibor, J.J., Thornicroft, G., Treacy, S., Brohan, E., Rose, D., Aromaa, E., Nordmyr, J., Nyqvist, F., Herberts, C., Lewis, O., Russo, J., Karsay, D., Maglajlić, R., Goldie, I., Lee, K., Quinn, N., Scheerder, G., Tambuyzer, E., Hristakeva, V., Germanov, D., Roelandt, J.L., Daumerie, N., Caria, A., Zaske, H., Gaebel, W., Louki, E., Peppou, L., Geroulanou, K., Harangozo, J., Sebes, J., Csukly, G., Rossi, G., Pedrini, L., Markovskaja, N., Valantinas, V., Boumans, J., Willemsen, E., Plooy, A., Duarte, T., Monteiro, F.J., Teodorescu, R., Radu, I., Pana, E., Hurova, J., Leczova, D., Svab, V., Konecnik, N., Palomares, N., Bayon, C., Ucok, A., Karaday, G., Glozier, N., Cockayne, N., Tófoli, L.F., Costa, M.S.A., Milev, R., Garrah, T., Tackaberry, L., Stuart, H., Margetić, B.A., Grošić, P.F., Jakovljević, M., Wenigová, B., Pavla, Š., Radwan, D.N., Johnson, P., Goud, R., Nandesh, St John's Medical College Hospital, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India, Jayaram, G., Suzuki, Y., Akiyama, T., Matsunaga, A., Bernick, P., Bowa, J., Ola, B., Owoeye, O., Oshodi, Y., Abdulmalik, J., Chee, K.-Y., Ali, N., Kadri, N., Belghazi, D., Anwar, Y., Khan, N., Kausar, R., Milačić-Vidojević, Ivona, Sumathipala, A., Chang, C.-C., Nacef, F., Ouali, U., Ouertani, H., Jomli, R., Ouertani, A., Kaaniche, K., Bello, R., Ortega, M., Melone, A., Marques, M.A., Marco, F., Ríos, A., Rodríguez, E., Laguado, A., "Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional survey" in The Lancet, 381, no. 9860 (2013):55-62,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61379-8 . .